• Analyze the significant differences between management and leadership and how they manifest themselves in public agencies
• Discuss the concept of intergovernmental relations and how it shapes the way services are provided at the federal, state, and local levels of government in the United States
• Analyze the impact that strategic planning has on services, organizational development, and citizen participation in public organizations
• Evaluate the impact that professional management has had on local government in the United States
• Analyze and differentiate the various tactics used by public administrators to address budget shortfalls and ongoing fiscal challenges facing local, state, and federal agencies
• Discuss how the practice of management differs in public agencies versus the private sector
• Analyze the impact of the Civil Service Reform Act on public service in the United States
• Discuss how implementing discrimination reform policies has impacted the services provided by public agencies
• Examine the core technical skills necessary to effectively lead a public agency
• Discuss the principle of separation of powers and its impact on the development of public policy in the United States
• Explore the various stages of the public policy cycle and be familiar with exceptions to this process.
• Analyze the role the Supreme Court has played in determining public policy and identify pivotal decisions that have proven to alter public services
• Contrast the role of legislative oversight and the power of the bureaucracy in the process of program evaluation
• Analyze how budgets can be used as a means to establish budgetary and fiscal policy
• Differentiate the strengths and weaknesses of the numerous budget approaches used by public agencies
• Discuss how politics can impact the outcome of the budget strategy and development process
• Evaluate the impact that social media platforms have had on the communication strategies employed by public agencies within the United States
• Demonstrate how citizen expectations have been impacted by the development of web-based information systems
• Investigate how program evaluation can facilitate increased transparency in public agencies

Reading and Resources

Video: Applying APA Style and Other Tips for Writing a Research Paper (cc) (14:38)
This video (also presented in a previous module) discusses APA style and offers some useful tips for developing strong content in a research paper.

Video: How to Write a Great Research Paper(cc) (57:39)
In this video (also presented in a previous module), Simon Peyton Jones discusses his approach to writing a research paper.

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