Part 1. INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.

1. Authoritarian states are characterized by strong central governments that fairly stringently limit the range of political activity. More often than not, they are one-party states, which means that only one party, that which supports the government, is allowed to engage in political activity. Free discussion and association are strictly curtailed in these systems. Anyone who might dare to criticize the government or to express ideas that are not in conformity with its policies can be severely punished, even by death.

a. Argument; conclusion: More often than not … engage in political activity. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Authoritarian states … limit the range of political activity. d. Argument; conclusion: Free discussion and association … in these systems.

2. Prior to their extinction, Neanderthals had been widespread in Europe for 100,000 years. Then 50,000 years ago, modern humans moved into Europe from Africa. Twenty-six thousand years after that the last Neanderthal died. At one time it was thought that the Neanderthals were killed by climate change, but this theory has now been discounted. So why did the Neanderthals perish? We may conclude that probably they were killed by the humans.

a. Argument; conclusion: Then 50,000 years ago … Europe from Africa. b. Argument; conclusion: At one time it was thought … now been discounted. c. Argument; conclusion: Prior to their extinction … 100,000 years. d. Argument; conclusion: Probably they were killed by the humans.

3. Hair turns color when we age because the follicles at the base of the hair shaft cease to produce melanin. Melanin is a chemical that gives the hair shaft its color (black, brown, blond, red, and all shades in between). The darkness or lightness of your hair depends on how much melanin each strand contains. With age, the cells in the follicle that produce melanin die off. As they do so, that hair strand will become silver, grey, or white, as it grows.

a. Argument; conclusion: The follicles … cease to produce melanin. b. Argument; conclusion: Hair turns color when we age. c. Argument; conclusion: With age, the cells in the follicle … die off. d. Nonargument.

4. Water is a highly reactive substance, quite different both physically and chemically from most other liquids. Indeed, life as we know it would be impossible if water did not have the properties it does. The first living systems presumably arose in the aqueous environment of shallow seas. It follows that the living organisms of the present are adapted at the molecular level to the special properties of water. a. Argument; conclusion: Water is a highly reactive … most other liquids. b. Argument; conclusion: The living organisms … properties of water. c. Argument; conclusion: Life as we know it … the properties it does. d. Nonargument.

5. Scientists have recently shown that heaps of intact DNA from the extinct wooly mammoth are retrievable from the animals’ fur. A great deal of that fur is readily available in natural history museums. Also, such amounts of DNA make it possible to piece together the entire mammoth genome. Hence, we can expect to see mammoth clones in the future.

a. Argument; conclusion: A great deal of that fur … natural history museums. b. Nonargument. c. Argument; conclusion: Scientists have recently shown … animals’ fur. d. Argument; conclusion: We can expect to see … in the not too distant future.

6. The loss of arctic ice is accelerating as a result of a form of positive feedback. As arctic ice melts, the arctic icecap reflects fewer rays from the sun. When this happens, more rays are absorbed by the surrounding ocean, which causes an increase in its temperature. As the temperature of the ocean rises, more arctic ice melts.

a. Argument; conclusion: When this happens … which increases its temperature. b. Argument; conclusion: As the temperature of the ocean rises … ice melts. c. Argument; conclusion: The loss of arctic ice … positive feedback. d. Nonargument.

Part 2. Deductive and inductive arguments. Select the best answer for each.

7. Which of the following words is a premise indicator?

a. It must be the case that. b. Thus. c. Consequently. d. Given that.

8. Which of the following words is a conclusion indicator?

a. Because. b. For. c. Implies that. d. For the reason that.

9. Imagine that a square A is placed inside a circle B. It follows that the area of A is less than the area of B.

a. Inductive, prediction. b. Inductive, analogy. c. Deductive, mathematics.
d. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism.

10. If people can talk to the dead, then the dead are still alive. People cannot talk to the dead. Therefore, the dead are not still alive.

a. Deductive, disjunctive syllogism. b. Inductive, causal. c. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism. d. Inductive, analogy.

11. Judy and her friend Claire both love art exhibits, and Judy thought that the painting exhibit at the museum was superb. Therefore, probably Claire would like that exhibit, too.

a. Inductive, analogy. b. Deductive, synonym. c. Inductive, authority. d. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism.

12. Michelle is an agnostic. Therefore, she doesn’t have any belief either way about whether God exists.

a. Deductive, hypothetical syllogism. b. Inductive, analogy. c. Inductive, authority. d. Deductive, synonym.

13. Many women have been elected to political offices in recent years. Therefore, it is likely that the next American President will be a woman. a. Inductive, analogy. b. Inductive, prediction. c. Inductive, authority. d. Deductive, categorical syllogism.

14. Either Bill Clinton or George W. Bush was president when the World Trade Center towers were destroyed. But Bush was not president at that time. Therefore, Bill Clinton was president when those buildings were destroyed.

a. Inductive, invalid. b. Deductive, valid. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, strong.

15. No baseball players are clumsy, so no athletes are clumsy, because all baseball players are athletes.

a. Deductive, valid. b. Inductive, strong. c. Inductive, uncogent. d. Deductive, invalid.

16. When Jack took his car in for service, the mechanic charged him for lots of work that didn’t need to be done. The same thing happened to Niki and Claire. Apparently all mechanics are just a bunch of crooks.

a. Inductive, strong. b. Inductive, weak. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Deductive, valid.

17. All aerobic exercises are calorie burners and all calorie burners are weight reducers. Thus, all aerobic exercises are weight reducers.

a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Inductive, strong.

18. After buying a pair of Blue Atlas jeans, Carter was disappointed to find that they fell apart after only one month. The same thing happened to Jeff, Mario, and Ralph. Apparently Blue Atlas jeans don’t hold up very well.

a. Inductive, strong. b. Deductive, unsound. c. Deductive, invalid. d. Inductive, weak.

19. Either the painting is a forgery, or it’s worth a small fortune. Therefore, the painting is worth a small fortune, since it’s not a forgery.

a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Deductive, sound. d. Inductive, weak.

20. The Director of the National Park Service stated in an interview that vegetation in the parks is seriously threatened by air pollution. Therefore, park vegetation is probably threatened by air pollution, just as the Director says.

a. Deductive, valid. b. Deductive, invalid. c. Inductive, weak. d. Inductive, strong.

Given what you’ve learned in Chapter 4 about Radio and the Recording Industry, please take a moment to locate the Case Study titled, “Mashed-Up and Mixed-Up Musical Ethics” on page 111 of your textbook.

1. Read the entire Case Study

2. Listen to the song/watch the video “Got to Give It Up” on

3. YouTube/Vimeo Listen to the song/watch the video “Blurred Lines” on YouTube/Vimeo

4.Provide well-written responses to the following questions after reading the Case Study:

• What is your take on what both parties have shared?
• Given the outcome of the case, what do you think about the way that both parties handled this issue?
• Could this have been avoided? If so, why, and how? If not, why not?
• How has the digital landscape impacted the recorded music industry?

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