4. Regarding portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats:
a) List the common anatomical variations of congenital extra-hepatic portosystemic
shunts. Describe briefly how different anatomical variations may alter clinical
symptoms. (5 marks)
b) List the diagnostic imaging techniques available to determine the location of a
portosystemic shunt. Briefly discuss the accuracy and morbidity of the
techniques you have listed. (10 marks)
c) Describe the pathophysiological changes that occur with congenital
portosystemic shunting. What medical therapies would you instigate prior to
shunt attenuation in the dog and cat? Explain how each therapy addresses these
changes. (15 marks)
d) A variety of materials and devices have been proposed for portosystemic shunt
attenuation in the dog: (15 marks)
i. List four (4) examples of attenuation materials or devices.
ii. For each material or device, briefly describe its properties.
iii. For each material or device briefly explain how it achieves vascular
attenuation or closure in the short and long term.
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