1. To protect information, one must protect against possible virus threats True/False justify your answer2. Which are the weaknesses of a shift cipher?A.  Natural language letter frequency makes them easy to decode.B. The number of letters in the alphabet makes them easy to decode.C.  Once the shift is determined the message is decoded.D.  Once you have the code book you can decode the message instantlyE. A&BF. A, B & CG. A, B, C and DH. A & CNo reason required3. What is the basis of the modern cryptography? _________________A. the laws of mathematicsB. manipulation of dataC. creating disguises for informationD. none of the aboveReason:4.Historically, the primary and compelling reason for advances in cryptography has been _____________.a. protecting business assetsb. the need for individual privacyc. warsd. keeping diplomatic conversations secretReason: _5. A _______________ requires that the cipher alphabet changes throughout the encryption process.a. monoalphabetic substitution cipherb. polyalphabetic substitution cipherc. quantum cipherd. alphanumeric shift cipherReason: _6. one of the Network threats isA. buffer overflowB. slowing the computerC. denial of serviceD. computer lock uphow it happens: _7. Risk is __.A. a weakness in the systemB. a circumstance that may cause loss or is possible dangerC. is a vulnerability that can be exploitedD. Nothing to worry aboutReason: _8. The trustworthiness of a system is diminished because of.a. demand for keysb. confidence decreasec. exposure to risksd. bad weatherReason: _9. The _______ controls the action of the algorithm.a. The receiverb. the length of the plain textc. cipher textd. keyReason: _10. What has become a major web problem with respect to security?a. mapping attacksb. on-line surveysc. user ignoranced. scripting errorsReason: _______________________________________________________________________________Part II (6 points each, Total 30)Q1a  Complete the following Truth Table: F denotes false and T denotes trueABC=AorBD= Axor BE= AandBFFFTTTTFQ1b In the following Θ denotes one of the following operators: ’or’, ‘xor’ or ‘and’.Input1 Θ input2 = Resultwhere, input1 and, Inpuut2 are ‘A’ and ‘B’ and Result is one of C, D, or E from the above table.Which operation will yield? (what is Θ?)input1 Θ result = input 2input2 Θ result = input 1Please show proof for one, or disprove other twoHint:CheckInput1 OR result = Input2?Input2 OR result = Input1? For results C, D and E, and inputs A and BRepeat replacing OR with AND, and XORAs soon as the given operator is not valid for an operation go to the next operator.Q2  Using the English alphabet (i.e., mod 26 arithmetic) let plaintext = {p1, p2, pn} and corresponding cipher text = {c1, c2, cn}.Suppose the encryption function is ci = pi + 6 (mod 26).You receive the cipher text message ASAIOYZNKHKYZYINUURWhat is the decryption function, and the decrypted/recovered plaintext?What type of cipher is this?Show all your steps.Q3 You are Alice. You have agreed with your friend Bob that you will use the Diffie-Hellman public-key algorithm to exchange secret keys. You and Bob have agreed to use the public base g = 9 and public modulus p = 817.You have secretly picked the value SA = 23 You begin the session by sending Bob your calculated value of TA. Bob responds by sending you the value TB = 272.What is the value of TAWhat is the value of your shared secret key?Can you guess Bob’s secret value SB and what it would be?Showeach and everystep of your calculations, if you use Excel or any other method of mod calculation, include the spreadsheet or the steps in that method(for mod calculation, the following identity may be usefulMod ( X^n, p) = mod [mod(X,p)*mod(X^n-1, p), p]mod(X*Y,p) = mod[mod(X,p)*mod(Y,p),p]Q4 Bob believes that he has come up with a nifty hash function. He assigns a numeric value VChar to each letter in the alphabet equal to the letter’s position in the alphabet, i.e., VA = 1, VB = 2, …, VZ = 26. For a message, he calculates the hash value H = (VChar 1 x VChar 2 x VChar 3 …x VChar N) mod (26).Bob uses this function to send a one-word message, Koinonia to his supervisor Bill, along with his calculated hash value for the message. Alice is able to intercept the message and generates an alternative message that has a hash value that collides with Bob’s original hash value.Give definition and properties of the hash function.Show a message that Alice may have used to spoof Bob’s message and demonstrate that its hash value collides with Bob’s original hash.Q5 Consider the following plaintext message: IT IS EXCITING TO KNOW THAT WE MAY HAVE FOUND THE MISSING MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE.a. (3 pts) If this message is sent unencrypted and successfully received, what is its entropy? And why?b. (3 pts) If this message is encrypted with DES using a random 56-bit key, what is the encrypted message’s entropy?  And why______________________________________________________________________________Part IIIEssay Question: Length: 800- 900 words. Use APA format for in-line citations and references. (30 pts.)Compare and contrast symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms.· Your response should include abriefoverview of thecryptographic basisfor each type of algorithm, and a comparison of theirstrengthsandvulnerabilities.· Describe how a hacker might go about cracking a message encrypted with each type of algorithm.· Suggest a specific application for each type of algorithm (symmetric and asymmetric) where the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages.· Remember to address all points

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