Please answer all of these in full and in order. do not repeat the question because it will show as % in safe assign.

REQUIRED TEXT: Christopher, Paul. (2004). The Ethics of War & Peace: An Introduction to Legal and Moral Issues (3rd edition). Pearson/Prentice Hall. (ISBN: 0-13-092383-4)

1. A. For Aquinas, what are the 3 conditions for a just war? Explain clearly and fully each of these conditions, and all that each condition entails or implies. (15 points)

B. What is the principle or doctrine of double effect of Aquinas? What are the conditions that must be present for this doctrine of double effect be invoked or be applied? What are the implications (at least two) of this doctrine of double effect for Aquinas? (10 points)

C. Aquinas talks about 3 kinds of law. What are these 3 kinds of law? Explain each one, and show clearly how these laws are inter-related. Overall, what is the significance of these laws to Aquinas? (10 points)

2. A. What is the view of Vitoria regarding the seizing of the land and properties of the native people (like the Native Americans)? On what grounds does Vitoria base his view on the treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish Conquistadors? Explain your answer as clearly and as fully as possible. (15 points)

B. How did Vitoria apply Aquinas’ doctrine of double effect to the conduct of war, including the killing of innocents? Who are those does Vitoria include in the class of innocents? (10 points)

C. What is the view of Vitoria on whether a war can be just on both sides? Explain clearly and fully your answer. How does Vitoria differentiate between objective justice and culpability? What is the significance of this distinction for Vitoria? What are the three canons that Vitoria specifies regarding the conduct of war? Be sure to state each canon clearly and completely. (10 points)

3. A. What does Augustine mean by benevolent severity? What is the significance of this principle to Augustine? (10 points)

B. What aspect(s) about human nature according to both Plato and Aristotle that Augustine adopted that has become a critical component of his (i.e., Augustine’s) overall philosophical view about political communities? What is the connection of his view on political communities to his view on war? How did Augustine modify Cicero’s conception or definition of just war? (10 points)

C. How did Augustine reconcile the claim of God’s foreknowledge and the claim that as moral agents, humans have free will? Explain fully your answer. (10 points)

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