1. Early versions of UNIX were available only with a command-driven interface.In more recent years, graphical user interfaces have become popular. Explainin your own words why these GUIs made an impact on the popularity of thisoperating system.2. Assume that you are a systems administrator. Explain why you might wantto change the permissions on some of your directories to make them invisibleto users.3. Administrators sometimes find that when they deploy Windows ina multilingual environment, some languages require more hard-diskstorage space than others. Why might that be the case? Explain your answerand give an example of one languages that could be expected to requiremore space.4. Windows features Kerberos authentication. Describe the role of the ticketgranting ticket to authenticate users for network access.5. Identify at least five major types of threats to systems running Windows andthe policies that system administrators must take to protect the system fromunauthorized access. Compare the practical problems when balancing the needfor accessibility with the need to restrict access, and suggest the first action youwould take to secure a Windows computer or network if you managed one.6. Examine the following list of permissions for four items included in a directorylisting. Identify if it is a file, directory, or other. Specify the access allowed tothree categories: world, user, and group. Identify any category of users who aredenied any access to all of these files.a. -rwx—r-xb. drwx—rwxc. d–x—r-xd. prwx——-7. Linux uses an LRU algorithm to manage memory. Suppose there is anotherpage replacement algorithm called not frequently used (NFU) that giveseach page its own counter that is incremented with each clock cycle. In thisway, each counter tracks the frequency of page use, and the page with thelowest counter is swapped out when paging is necessary. In your opinion,how do these two algorithms (LRU and NFU) compare? Explain whichone would work best under normal use, and define how you perceive“normal use.”8. Compare and contrast Android and the Linux operating systems.9. Compare and contrast the Android and Windows operating systems.10. The role of the Linux kernel is crucial to the Android operating system.Explain in your own words why this is so.

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